Research Proposal on Telecommunication Essay Example

Research Proposal on Telecommunication Essay Telecommunication is the type of communication, the way of information transfer with the help of electromagnetic signals, for example, cables or radio. Telecommunication has a long history which goes back to the dawn of the human civilization, because the information transfer has always been essential for the human life and existence of the human society. At first there were visual methods of information transfer: smoke, fire, flags, lighthouses, etc, which informed people about the threat with the help of these techniques. Then, there were also audio methods: drums, sound horns and whistles which informed people about everything. The watchtowers are considered to be the first ways of communication without the use of electricity. Nowadays, the process of information transfer is conducted with the help of numerous electric appliances, like telegraphs, telephones, teletypes, radio, satellite communication and the Internet. The principle of work of telecommunication is based on the transformation of the signals of the message into the primary electric signals. Then, the primary electric signals transform into the secondary electric signals with the help of transmitters. After that the secondary signals come to a receiver, where they transform into the audio, video or text information which depends on the type: the receiver and the type of the message. Telecommunication plays a great role in the life of the human society, because information is the most valuable thing nowadays, so information is exchanged and broadcasted all the time with the help of telecommunication, which develops gradually to improve the quality of its service and increase the quantity of the broadcasted data. We will write a custom essay sample on Research Proposal on Telecommunication specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Research Proposal on Telecommunication specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Research Proposal on Telecommunication specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Telecommunication is the well-developed business and branch of human activity, so a student can try to research the topic deeper and reveal it from all sides. But before that he will need to persuade the professor in the quality and success of the topic with the help of a good telecommunication research proposal. A successful research proposal should demonstrate the purpose of the research, illustrate the expected results of the investigation, present the methodology and literature review chapters in order to prove that much work has already been done for the research of the suggested topic. In the end one should try to conclude the paper well and evaluate the importance of the problem objectively. The Internet offers wide opportunities to students, because the process of research proposal writing is really complicated and troublesome. One can surf the web and find a free example research proposal on telecommunication industry written by an expert online and catch the major principles of writing. Due to a good free sample research proposal on telecommunication one can improve his knowledge and increase his chances in the formatting logical composition of the paper. NOTE!!! All free sample research proposals and examples on Telecommunication are 100% plagiarized, we are here to help you! EssayLib.com is a leading research proposal writing service, which can offer you the solution you have been looking for. With thousands of written research papers and proposals for Master’s and PhD degrees, we can give you exactly what you need at very affordable prices. Our experienced writers will prove you that high quality and exclusivity is a trademark of our products. We can guarantee your confidentiality and promise you strict on time delivery. There are many reasons for EssayLib.com to become your favorite research proposal writing service, but all we are asking you – just give us a try!

5 Excellent Reasons Not to Fear the Garden Spider

5 Excellent Reasons Not to Fear the Garden Spider SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Have you noticed a large black and yellow spider making its home in your yard? This species is commonly known as the garden spider, and they are widespread throughout North America. Should you be concerned about you or your pet being bitten by a garden spider? Are garden spiders poisonous? On the contrary, garden spiders are a beneficial garden inhabit and are key to keeping insect populations down. Read this guide to learn more about this striking spider species and their unique characteristics. What Are Garden Spiders? To start, what are garden spiders? Is any spider you find wandering across your lawn a garden spider? When people talk about garden spiders, they’re referring to one species of spider. Its scientific name is Argiope aurantia, but it has many common names, including garden spider, black and yellow garden spider, yellow garden spider, writing spider, garden orb weaving spider, corn spider, zigzag spider and banded garden spider. The most distinctive feature of garden spiders are the black and yellow markings that often appear as bands or spots across their abdomen. Only female garden spiders have these colors though, along with a white or gray cephalothorax (front part of the body). Males are significantly smaller, with a thinner abdomen, and have a duller red-brown color. Females range from 0.75 to 1.1 inches (19 to 28mm) long, while males are about a quarter the size of females: 0.20 to 0.35 inches (5 to 9mm) long. Like all spider species, garden spiders have eight legs (in four pairs) and multiple small eyes. Because of their larger size and bright colors, female garden spiders are noticed much more often than male garden spiders. A female garden spider on the left and a male garden spider on the right. Source: Wikimedia Commons Where Do Garden Spiders Live? Black and yellow garden spiders have a wide range. They’re native to North America and are found in every US state except Alaska. Their range also extends to northern Central America and southern Canada. Garden spiders prefer to live near sunny, grassy areas that are out of the wind so that they can build their webs. They typically build their webs on tall plants or low buildings. This is why they are found so often in gardens! Tall grasses, shrubs, even the eaves of houses are all ideal places for garden spiders to live. These spiders are active during the day, and they can often be found on or near the webs they build. Are Garden Spiders Poisonous? If you see a garden spider, don’t worry about being bitten by it. Garden spiders aren’t aggressive, and they’ll leave you alone as long as you don’t bother or provoke them. In the rare cases that garden spiders do bite, you still don’t need to worry. Garden spider venom isn’t poisonous, and the bite will feel similar to a bee sting, with only minor pain and swelling. This is true for both humans and animals, so you don’t need to worry if your dog or other pet is bitten by one of these spiders. The only people who need to worry about getting bitten by garden spiders are those who are allergic to the spider’s venom, but this is very rare. If the bite or other parts of your body (such as your face) become very swollen or you have trouble breathing, call 9 or get to an emergency room immediately. Despite some articles explaining how to get rid of garden spiders, they are a harmless and often interesting addition to yards and gardens. In the next section we explain how garden spiders can even benefit you! 4 Key Black and Yellow Garden Spider Facts Want to know more about garden spiders? Below are some of the most important and interesting facts to know about this species. What Do Garden Spiders Eat? Not only are garden spiders harmless, they can help make your garden a more enjoyable place to be! Garden spiders eat insects, including many common pests like mosquitoes and wasps. Garden spiders trap their prey by spinning webs that the insects fly into. They don’t chase or hunt their prey (so any stories about garden spiders chasing after humans are false). Insects make up the majority of a garden spider’s diet, but they may also eat slightly larger prey, such as small lizards, if they get caught in the spiders’ webs. What Does a Garden Spider Web Look Like? Garden spiders are known for having large, intricate webs. The webs can be up to two feet across and are circular in shape. They have the classic spiral rings and radial lines that most people envision when they picture a spider web. Their webs often have a distinctive zigzag of silk running through the center, known as the stabilimentum. Female garden spiders typically build much larger webs than male spiders. Once the web is complete, the spider will often sit in the middle of it, waiting for prey to fly into the web. Garden spiders will use the same web for several months, maintaining it as needed each night. However, they may build new webs more often if they decide to move locations or the web is damaged. How Long Do Garden Spiders Live? Garden spiders live, on average, for one year, although some females can live for several years if they live in areas that don’t have hard frosts (a frequent killer of garden spiders). Garden spiders typically spend their entire lives in one area, so your yard may be the site of an entire garden spider life cycle! How Do Garden Spiders Reproduce? Garden spiders reproduce one to two times a year. The male garden spider dies immediately after mating and is sometimes eaten by the female. After mating, the female lays several thousand eggs which she covers in brown silk. The eggs hatch in the spring or fall, and the baby garden spiders (the vast majority of which won’t survive to adulthood) either stay in the area or get carried by the wind to new places. Summary: Garden Spider Even though they may look frightening, black and yellow garden spiders are actually a harmless, and sometimes even beneficial, addition to your yard. The garden spider, officially known as Argiope aurantia, is a widespread spider species that is nonaggressive. Even if a human or animal is bitten by one of these spiders, the reaction will only be similar to that of a bee sting, with minor swelling and pain. The garden spider web is often large and intricate, and it’s one of the most obvious signs that this spider is living in your yard. Female garden spiders are the only ones with the bold black and yellow coloring, and the species eats primarily insects, including many pests that frequent gardens. They play an important role in the ecosystem and keeping insect populations down, so there’s no need to worry if one of these spiders makes its home in your garden! What's Next? Looking for more spider facts? We dissect 4 popular camel spider myths here. Writing a research paper for school but not sure what to write about? Our guide to research paper topics has over 100 topics in ten categories so you can be sure to find the perfect topic for you. What's Vygotsky scaffolding? It actually has nothing to do with buildings! Learn everything you need to know about this important education term in our complete guide to Vygotsky scaffolding. Did you know that water has a very special density? Check out our guide to learn what the density of water is and how the density can change.

Care for Mechanically Ventilated Patients

Care for Mechanically Ventilated Patients The following case study will focus on a discussion around pain assessment and complexity of care delivered to individuals, who are mechanically ventilated, with altered levels of consciousness. The pathophysiology of ventilation and its associated consequences and symptoms for a patient’s care will be thoroughly examined. Aspects of pain assessment in individuals, who are sedated on ventilation support, and nursing interventions to identify levels of pain will be critically analysed and justified. Finally, the complexity of patient’s care will be argued and critically evaluated and the wider context of care management will be conscientiously discussed. The International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) outlines the definition of pain as an â€Å"unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage† (IASP, 2017). In accordance to Chanques et al (2007) pain is one of the mo st occurring complications associated with intensive care stay with an occurrence of moderate to severe level of pain experienced by almost 50 % of medical and surgical patients. Bertollini et al (2002) reported that approximately 80 % of patients on critical care units, amongst Europe, have experienced pain during nursing interventions and have not received adequate analgesia. In multicentre studies 50 – 65% of patients complained that they suffered severe pain in ICU; 15% were unhappy with the pain management they received. To maintain confidentiality and to protect the identity of an individual, the name of the patient will be changed to Mr Kenneth Smith (pseudonym), in line with Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC,2015). Kenneth is an 74 year old male admitted to cardiac intensive care unit (day 10) following coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Kenneth was previously diagnosed with triple vessel coronary artery disease, following myocardial infarction four weeks prior to surgery. Currently, he cannot maintain his own breathing, therefore, to promote haemodynamic stability Ken is ventilated with a use of synchronised intermittent mandatory ventilation (SIMV) mode. To facilitate Ken’s ventilation, he is also sedated however, it has been found that Ken reacts to voice and occasionally opens his eyes. The possibility of delirium also emerged as the patient’s wife deems, that Kenneth appears disorientated and agitated at times (Kings compromising successful post-operative recovery (Rakel and Herr, 2004).   Twycross (2002) argues that pain appears to be a problem in acute settings, yet the knowledge and understanding of its management is limited amongst nursing staff; which breaches the principles of effective practice in line with the best available evidence (NMC, 2015). Awareness of causes and interactions of pain, agitation and delirium in Kenneth’s case is essential, to promote quicker recovery by managing pain effect ively and weaning patient off the ventilation support (Stein-Parbury and Mckinley, 2000). Endotracheal tube combined with sternal wound and chest drains contributes to nociceptor activation and sensitization at various levels (Dahl and Kehlet, 2006). Hence, Kenneth is experiencing ongoing pain at rest, that increases with movements. Although, pain analgesia is administered on regular basis to control discomfort levels (WHO, 2015); Koppert et al (2003) argues that increased pain sensitivity in surgical patients to stimuli is commonly recognised as an effect of opioids. The thesis is strongly supported by Wilder Smith (2006) who acknowledge, that hyperalgesia has a major effect on the way brain processes pain signals. There several mediators that contributes to nociceptor activation: prostaglandins, interleukins, cytokine and neutrophils (Brennan, 2017). Peripheral neutrophilic granulocytes (NG’s) also have an impact on peripheral sensitivity and contribute to pain where the in cision was made (Carreira et al, 2013). The intensity of pain is amplified by nociceptive neurones that send electrical signals to central nervous system along axons, which again depends on many factors, including surgical site and discomfort caused by endotracheal tube or Kenneth position (Steeds, 2016). Recent Kenneth’s arterial blood gas reading revealed, decreased tissue pH and increased lactate concentration, which in accordance to Brennan (2011) could also influence the intensity of pain and spontaneous pain behaviour. Initially, Kenneth was commenced on mechanical ventilation post operatively to maintain his haemodynamic stability, decrease cardiac workload and provide optimum for gaseous exchange (Goldsworthy and Graham, 2014). Upon physician assessment, Kenneth receives SIMV, which delivers set amount of breath and encourages patient to take spontaneous breaths (Wiesen et al, 2013). SIMV mode helps to reduce Kenneth’s cardiac output, although it has been p roved that it prolongs ventilation dependency. Due to persistent episodes of hypoxemia, weaning from ventilation is delayed, which put Kenneth at risk of further complications (Chlan, 2011). Pillbeam and Cairo (2006) conducted a study which shown that prolonged ventilation increases the mortality rate. Challenges faced by nursing staff in pain management influences the process of weaning, hence it affects Kenneth’s quality of life (Baazm et al, 2014). Nelson et al, 2010 argues that patients who struggle to wean of ventilation support are at greater risk of infection, delirium, pain and they are often experiencing anxiety. Therefore, it could be questioned whether, unmanaged pain is a leading cause of prolonged ventilation or vice versa. Whitehouse et al (2014) reports that pain can trigger stress response which can have detrimental effect on patient’s health and wellbeing. Increased levels of catecholamines can cause arteriolar vasoconstriction, impair tissue perfusion and decrease tissue oxygen partial pressure which would impact on delayed weaning of ventilation support and increased oxygen consumption (Barr et al 2013). Catabolic disturbances and hypoxemia caused by pain can also impair wound healing process and lead to wound infection; pain decreases natural killer cell activity, cytotoxic T cell and neutrophils which are pivotal for immune system (Woolf, 1989). Wagner et al 1998 emphasises that other factors such as sleep disturbances and anxiety can aggravate pain perceptions. Royal College of Nursing (2003) concludes that nurses have duty of care to minimise distress and suffering from pain. The â€Å"gold standard† in pain assessment by nurses is self-reporting by the patient, providing necessary information, that helps to identify source, intensity and underlying condition so that appropriate analgesia can be administered (Chanques and Constantin, 2010). but Kenneth cannot give sufficient response due to endotracheal tube and se dation level (Craig and Schlavenato, 2010). Pain is difficult to measure as it is an individual experience and everyone perceive it on their own way. It encompasses wide spectrum of physiological and psychological responses; therefore, it is pivotal for nurses to provide holistic approach when looking after critically ill patients (Woodrow and Moore, 2004). Kenneth during morning activities, whilst being assisted with personal hygiene needs appeared to be in discomfort, especially during moving and handling manoeuvres. Bird (2003) argues that there is no specific pain assessment tool for ICU patients and should evaluate effectiveness of tools used, to manage pain effectively. Chanques and colleagues (2010) have manifested that visually enlarged numeric rating scale (NRS) from 0 (minimal discomfort) to 10 severe pain, is the most successful and valid across other pain assessment tools available. Jensen (2003) has reviewed 164 journals and demonstrated that NRS tool is the most reliab le indicator of pain intensity. Although Kenneth can blink his eyes occasionally when asked about pain levels, it is difficult to determine the accuracy of patient’s perception due to level of sedation and cognition state. Kenneth’s effort to express and communicate pain is respected and adequate pain analgesia is provided. The evidence shows that the belief of patient’ report creates trust relationship between patient and healthcare professional, therefore pain management is more successful and effective (D’Arcy, 2011). Pain can increase with activity and it is revealed as dynamic process, therefore Kenneth is reassessed on a regular basis to maintain comfort and minimise distress (Dahl and Kehlet, 2006). Barr (2013) emphasises that pain in intensive care unit patients’ needs to be assessed frequently and repetitively in an effective manner to maintain high quality of care and promote healing. Puntillo (2009) stresses that healthcare professionals must use â€Å"structured, valid and reliable tools† due to complexity of patients’ needs. Upon Kenneth pain assessment, it was found that Behavioural Pain Scale was the most effective. Nurses observed that Kenneth is becoming restless and agitated and facial grimacing is present, which resolves with appropriate analgesia (Feldt, 2000). These behaviours fit into criteria of pain indication as per Checklist of Nonverbal Pain Indicators (CNPI) (Young, 2006). Nurses derived the total BPS score of 8-10, which indicated that Kenneth was experiencing severe pain on assessment. D’arcy (2011) speculates that the use BPS is not as effective and developed as current tools that have been in use for years. Li and colleagues (2008) also argue that there is some evidence about BPS, an updated revision in regards to validity and effectiveness is needed, so that it can be applicable for ICU patients. However, Payen (2008) and Arbour et al (2011) dispute with the opinion of h is colleagues and demonstrate that there are recent studies which show that BPS improve pain management and successful recovery, followed by shorter duration of mechanical ventilation. Implementation of Payen BPS appeared to be extremely useful, when repositioning Kenneth in bed, as it assesses compliance with ventilation, detecting specific pain behaviours (Puntillo et al., 2001). In addition to respiratory support, pain is also triggered by sternal wound and both chest drains which increase the intensity of pain experienced by Kenneth. The study carried out by Payen (2001) demonstrated that 63% of ICU patients could remember pain and 40% patients post cardiac surgery experienced the worst pain due to chest drains and surgical wounds. In addition to BPS, there are other assessment tools for critically ill patients, like Kenneth, such as Gelinas Critical Care Pain Observation Tool (CPOT) which is also based on behavioural observations (Gelinas et al, 2006). Its effectiveness was a gain reported during moving and handling manoeuvres, where ventilation machine was observed for alarms, which displayed that Kenneth stopped breathing spontaneously. Slight resistance was also felt by nursing staff; which indicated muscle tension that potentially resulted from pain (Li et al 2008). Marjorie, Kenneth’s wife, was also asked to provide information in regards to Kenneth’s usual behaviours which could be then compared with those gathered during specific assessments. Nursing staff found difficulties in interpreting Kenneth behaviours at times, as they represented numerous things amongst various periods of time (Garteth and Williams, 2017). Olding et al (2015) suggest that family involvement in nursing care positively influences patients care despite its complexity; therefore, behaviour changes were written down over a shift duration, with Marjorie’s active involvement, and clear picture of Kenneth’s behaviours created. It also facilitated imp lementation, care planning and evaluation that promote holistic and family centric model of care (World Health Organisation, 2007). Surrogate designation of Marjorie to help with pain assessment, represents Kenneth’s wishes and needs; effective communication and good relationship between relatives and nursing professionals protects Kenneth’s autonomy (Sprung and Azoulay, 2004).   Marjorie, visits Kenneth daily, hence, nursing staff could go through the pain assessment tool together, improving its effectiveness and recognising new changes. It has been reported that, when Marjorie is present, Kenneth is more settled and less agitated, therefore, social contact with beloved ones maximises quality of care and recovery (Aust, 2013). Family interaction in basic nursing care and patient psychological and emotional support is a way of demonstrating love and care, a unique aspect of care that can be only provided by them (Engstrom and Soderberg, 2007). Dowling and Wang ( 2005) conclude that family support has a positive impact on patient’s outcome and recovery rate. Close contact with family gives them strength to overcome struggles related to their condition and enables them to regain orientation within the environment (Magarey and McCutcheon, 2005). Kenneth’s physiologic parameters are monitored regularly to maintain patient’s stability and to provide nurses with information about Ken’s physiologic status so that, they can react fast upon any changes (National Institute for Health and Care Excellence [CG50], 2017). During personal hygiene and moving and handling manoeuvres, it has been noted that Kenneth’s blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR) and respiratory rate (RR) increased with visible behavioural changes and became stable once the painful stimuli was removed. Although, vital signs are widely used by nurses in pain assessment, they are not validated and supported by clinical evidence (Donaldson et al., 200 3). Kenneth’s is also receiving inotropic therapy in terms of cardiovascular support and sedative agent are also used, therefore, his vital signs are likely to fluctuate (Imal et al., 2011); however, they have not been discussed further in this discussion. Payen et al. (2001) with Gelinas and Johnston (2007) found that BP and mean blood pressure (MAP) increased in patients with altered level of consciousness, when exposed to nociceptive stimuli. However, Frazier et al (2002) argued that alteration of vital signs could result from activation of autonomic nervous system as a stress response and anxiety indication from performed procedures. Barr et al. (2013) in Clinical Practice Guidelines do not recommend that vital signs should be used when performing pain assessment, although they can be used as a suggestion and cue to conduct further assessment.

Nutrition critical article Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Nutrition critical article - Research Paper Example Patients are advised to increase the consumption of carotenoids by eating more cruciferous vegetables that includes cauliflower, broccoli, cabbage, and kale. Thirdly, the author notes omega-3 fatty acids found in Salmon, cod, halibut, haddock, and sardines slow down the increase of breast cancer cells and reduces the progression of breast tumors. Fourthly, beans and whole grains are said to be rich in fiber, which boost expectancy due to reduced mortality in breast cancer patients. Even as Gilbert highlights the nutritional values of these foods, she warns of consequences of eating excessive fatty foods as they can lead to weight gain, which is also a precursor of other health complications. She further advices such patients to include exercise to their healthy living programs. Gilbert has her educational background in marriage and family therapy having studied psychology. Since the author is a breast cancer survivor, she has gone through various treatment procedures that helped her overcome the disease. To further the credibility of her article, Gilbert cites several people and studies conducted in the area of breast cancer. For example, she relies on information from Doctor Alison Estabrook who is the chief of breast surgery and the director of the Breast Center. For the nutritional benefits of the different foods, the author finds authority in citation of Doctor Barry Boyd, who created the integrative medicine program at Greenwich Hospital-Yale Health Systems and is the director of nutritional oncology. Additionally, Gilbert relies on different journals in the field of nutrition and cancer disease including the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention,  The American Cancer Society and Cancer Epidemiology, Biom arkers & Prevention. These journals are a good source for information presented which makes the authors claims reliable. Therefore, the person’s and materials

Wells Cathedral Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Wells Cathedral - Essay Example The site was founded as a church in about 705 A.D., and the beginning of the present cathedral originated under Bishop Reginald de Bohun, who died in 1191 (ed. David Nash Ford, 1924). The building of the present cathedral continued until 1239, under Bishop Jocelyn of Wells. The decoration of the West Front was completed in about 1260. The entire West Front is a three-dimensional storyboard, even marking major liturgical holy days and seasons. The open space of the walkway leading to the West Front with wide swaths of green grass gives one the chance to gain a perspective from distance or close proximity. There is a feeling of freedom in this area, but also one of magnificence and reverence. On the exterior, the eyes lift to the many statues of saints and angels; each wall depicts the honor or story of biblical figures in intricate detail. The closer one gets to the cathedral, the more awe-inspired one is at the sheer majesty of this building; one can feel the presence of the hundreds of masons and stone carvers that crafted each detail. The sounds and smells of the street market close to the cathedral fade as all attention is drawn to the sheer magnitude of the West Front, invoking powerful feelings of being in the presence of master stone masons by the hundreds whose spirits still stand guard. Upon entering the nave, the sight of inverted arches within is almost shocking. These innovative arches were installed in the 14th century when it was discovered that the massive 160-foot central tower was causing its supporting pillars to sink into the ground under its weight. The inverted arches solved the problem of supporting the tower and have held up for seven hundred years. The arches give the interior of the cathedral a sense of being alive, observing pilgrims, visitors, students and worshippers as much as they are observing it. One immediately gets the feeling that the cathedral has recorded the presence and movements and activities of every person who has passed through its doors. The eyes are immediately drawn to the choir with its massive organ pipes and welcoming open space at the end of what feels like a narrow and demanding passage through the nave; walk through the center and you will be rewarded, it seems to say. Walk the good path. Looking up, the fan vaulting gives a sense of solace and praise. There is gentleness amongst the power expressed in the architecture. Shadows move across the fan vaulting from the hundreds of stained and leaded glass windows, and it is difficult sometimes for the eyes to discern whether the carvings are moving in relation to the observer or the other way around. The acoustics are masterfully executed in the placement of each stone and arch; footsteps echo, voices, even hushed, can be heard clearly. When the massive pipe organ begins to play, one can feel the vibrant sound through the body and the church seems to come alive. Upon descending the staircase to the Chapter House, the stone stairs reflect centuries of use; they can be slippery, and having to slow down while descending brings attention to the incredible acoustics in the stairwell. One recording was done there already, a haunting song sung in Gaelic with no sound effects needed. The natural acoustics of this particular stairwell provide an ethereal echo to the voice, making it a natural attraction to singers. Here one lingers, the sense of being still in a place of movement and the chill of retracting from the sunlight

To Kill a Mockingbird Essay Example for Free

To Kill a Mockingbird Essay Harper Lee’s To Kill a Mockingbird incorporates historically accurate material into an otherwise fictional story. Drawing upon current events, social conditions, and attitudes prevalent in the United States during the 1930s, the novel’s setting, characters and themes depict a realistic interpretation of life in a southern town during the Depression. This classic novel takes place during the early 1930s. The novel accurately portrays the social system and troubles of the Depression era, where poverty and unemployment affected numerous states, including Alabama. Poverty seemed to have been the main struggle for families in the 1930s. Atticus Finch, the protagonist of the novel, an educated lawyer, who goes to work in clean clothes, and owns enough money to hire a black housekeeper to watch over his children belonged to the elite of local society, however they too were low on money. Poverty seemed to have contributed to making the south a class-conscious society. As Jem said â€Å"There’s four kinds of folks in the word. There’s the ordinary kind like us and the neighbors, there’s the kind like the Cunninghams out in the woods, the kind like the Ewells down at the dump, and the Negroes.† (page 103) To further explain, the Finches stand towards the top of Maycomb’s social hierarchy, following the townspeople beneath them. After the townspeople come the ignorant farmers such as the Cunninghams, then the white trash Ewells resting at the bottom of the totem pole. However at the very bottom of the list come the African-Americans. These social divisions are what make up Maycomb, causing children’s perplexity at the class status, and prejudice in human interaction amongst Maycomb’s few residents. It is evident that the way things are in the small town of Maycomb, are the way they have always been. At this time, in the early 1930’s, automobiles had only been around for a few years, it was common for most families to depend on horses for transportation, while the more elite were fortunate enough to drive automobiles. The Great Depression affected every group of Americans during the tough era. Whether one was a farmer like Mr. Cunningham or a lawyer like Atticus Finch, black or white, young or old, they were affected. However in those years, there was a clear hierarchy and difference between those that had money and lived in nice, furnished houses, compared to those who struggled to operate their own farm. In the novel To Kill a Mockingbird, Harper Lee focused more on the differences between whites and blacks in the society. To Kill a Mockingbird portrayed the racial injustices and prejudice against African Americans in the United States during the Great Depression. These criminal rights issues were shown during the Trial of Tom Robinson. All black men were viewed as rapists, after a false rumor and accusation. It is evident Maycomb has always been racially segregated. The African-Americans of Maycomb have their own church and cemetery outside the cities border. Inside the courtroom, the white hav e good seats on the floor, while the blacks sit up in the balcony in their own separate section. Similar to this, in movie theatres designated doors were assigned to coloured and whites with signs written on separate doors. White and black children attended different schools until school segregation was established in 1954. Whites and blacks were not allowed in the same jail cells, and the inequality amongst races in the courtroom during trials. Once Mayella, Mr. Ewell and Tom Robinson had all testified, even though it was clear Tom Robinson was innocent, the jury claimed him guilty because they wouldn’t allow a black man free against the testimony of two white people. Similar to Tom Robinson’s trail is the Scottsboro trial that took place in March of 1931 in Alabama. That day, two white girls were allegedly raped by nine black teenagers on the Southern Railroad. Although there was no evidence connecting the boys to the women, they were all charged with rape and sent t o jail. This court case caused many trails, convictions and punishments for a crime that was never committed. Both Tom Robinson and the Scottsboro trial dealt with the word of a white woman against the word of an African-American and the fact there was no real evidence. There were several instances where a black man had been killed before he was put on trial. This type of racism occurred because the white people saw themselves as better and more civilized people The families and characters in To Kill a Mockingbird were accurately portrayed in traditional, old fashioned households in the early 1930’s. Girls were expected to act like ladies, and boys to act like gentlemen. The traditional woman jobs included stay at home house wives, and teachers such as Miss Caroline. Scout is unlike more girls her age. She prefers overalls and a button up shirt as supposed to a dress with stockings. However, Atticus’s sister, Aunt Alexandra is the perfect southern lady. She has very strict and traditional ideas of how Maycomb’s society works and the roles a Southern woman must play. She earnestly tried to pass along and teach Scout to becoming a lady, who is not predominantly interested. Her concernedness and determination lead to her stay with the family the summer of Tom Robinson’s trail to â€Å"properly† raise Jem and Scout. Atticus treats his children as adults, and expects to be treated with respect. Majority of the population of Alabama at this time were Christians, and attended church every Sunday morning. Calpurnia, the Finchs coloured house keeper took Jem and Scout to the church for African-Americans outside of town on Sundays. There, the kids saw that Calpurnia acted differently with her friends they she did in the Finches household. That Calpurnia led a modest double life never dawned on me. The idea that she had a separate existence outside our household was a novel one, to say nothing of her having command of two languages. (page 128). Back in 1930, the majority of the African-American population was uneducated. They did not have the same opportunities as the whites. A typical colored family in the 1930s consisted of the wife working as a maid or housekeeper, the man working a very low income job, and the children often did not attend school, and instead helped provide an income for the family. After Tom Robinson was put in jail, Helen, his wife, no longer had an income. The old fashioned households are to say were due to the stubbornness of the society, and the unwillingness to change. Atticus Finch, unlike most Maycomb residents, was the only one to come into Tom Robinson’s defense, demonstrating his kindness and his firm beliefs of equality. To Kill a Mockingbird depicts multiple themes, however the most important theme is the exploration of moral nature of humans. In other words, whether people are good or evil. This is shown through Jem and Scout’s childhood innocence being transitioned into a more adult perspective. Like any kids, Jem and Scout assumed that all people are good, because they had never seen evil. However, after witnessing the Tom Robinson trial, the children see that there is evil that exists. Despite Tom’s conviction Scout struggled to understand yet still maintained faith in human nature. However Jem’s faith in humanity was damaged once discovery the evil of racism. A prime example of goodness is Atticus Finch. All throughout the novel, he stood up for his personal beliefs. He taught his children, as well as the town that people contain aspects of good and evil, however the good often will prevail. Atticus struggles to change the society’s perspective, however continues to stand wall because he believes goodness will prevail over all evil, including racism and racial equality will soon exist. Conflicts are caused between certain individuals and the community, when each has a different standard of right and wrong. Due to Atticus’ decision to defend Tom Robinson in his trial, the farmers, including Mr. Cunningham and Mr. Ewell were not happy with Mr. Finch. Atti cus stood tall from the beginning to the very end of the trial, in hopes of proving to the town about goodness. Scout developed as a character in the novel through her gradual development towards understanding Atticus’s lessons about goodness. In the final chapters, she viewed the world from Boo Radley’s perspective and has a strong belief that in the end, goodness prevails. Published in 1960, some believe To Kill a Mockingbird is an autobiography of Harper Lee’s life. However she denied that the story is not an autobiography and simply wrote â€Å"what she knows†. There are numerous similarities between the characters and setting and her own childhood and life growing up. Harper Lee grew up in Monroeville, a small town in Alabama similar to Maycomb. Similarities between herself and Scout’s life are unmistakable. Her father, A.C. Lee, was her inspiration for Atticus’s character. He too was a lawyer and defended two black men accused of murder. However these two men were found guilty and were hung. Lee described her childhood in an interview as being a â€Å"rough n tough tomboy†. Growing up she was surrounded by racism and occasional violence, and said her childhood inspired her to write To Kill a Mockingbird. Through the use of setting, characters and one of the many themes, To Kill a Mockingbird accurately represented the southern United States in the early 1930s. Written 30 years later, Harper Lee was able to loosely incorporate similar events, environments, and social aspects of Alabama during the years of the Great Depression. One reason why this novel is considered an all-time classic is because of its lasting significance that portrays different aspects or events and issues, making it worthwhile and memorable. Works Cited Crow, Jim. The Scottsboro Case (1931). PBS. PBS, n.d. Web. 13 Dec. 2012. http://www.pbs.org/wnet/jimcrow/stories_events_scotts.html To Kill a Mockingbird: Scottsboro Trials. To Kill a Mockingbird: Scottsboro Trials. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Dec. 2012. http://resources.mhs.vic.edu.au/mockingbird/scottsboro.htm Themes in To Kill a Mockingbird. Themes in To Kill a Mockingbird. N.p., 09 July 2009. Web. 12 Dec. 2012. http://www.slideshare.net/es99.trish.turner/themes-in-to-kill-a-mockingbird. To Kill a Mockingbird. Study Guides Essay Editing. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Dec. 2012. http://www.gradesaver.com/to-kill-a-mockingbird/study-guide/major-themes/.

Simon Bolivar Essay -- essays research papers

THE BEGINNING   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Simon Jose Antonio de la Santisima Trinidad Bolivar was born in Caracas on July 24, 1783 to don Juan Vicente Bolivar y Ponte y dona Maria de la Concepcion Palacios y Blanco. Simon received an excellent education from his tutors, Simon Rodriquez and Andres Bello. By the age of nine Bolivar lost both his parents, and was being taken care of by his uncle don Carlos Palacios. At the age of fifteen in 1799 he traveled to Spain to receive a better education. In Spain, Bolivar met Maria Teresa Rodriquez del Toro y Alaysa, they married in 1802. Right after Bolivar and his new wife returned to Venezuela, she died of malaria or yellow fever. Her death greatly effected Bolivar, he vowed not to marry again, and became a political and military figure. In Europe   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Napoleon Bonaparte was the Emperor of France, and was crowned as King of Italy. In 1808 Napoleon conquered Spain and chose his brother Joseph as the King of Spain. This created a large revolt in Spain known as the Peninsular Wars. In Spain many small groups were formed to fight against the new king. On the other hand in S. America the groups were formed to fight against the Spanish King and Joseph Bonaparte. That year Caracas, Bolivar hometown, declared independence from Spain. BACK IN S. AMERICA In 1808 Bolivar, Bello and Mendez were sent to England on a diplomatic mission. It was a failed attempt to gain an alliance. He returned to Venezuela in 1811...

Professional Ethics and Civic Morals Essay

The role of the individual and its relationship to the state has been a matter of much sociological debate. Theorists in an array of varied fields such as philosophy, sociology, psychology, and politics have attempted to explain the correlation between the two. In this paper, I will concentrate on the role of individualism to an authoritarian or fascist political structure and how America’s ideals of intense individualism over the collective have led to a vulnerability to a totalitarian political regime. Using the work of Emile Durkheim on the idea of civic morals, i.e. the relationship of the individual to the State, as well as Amitai Etzioni’s study on particularistic obligations and Milgram’s views on obedience we will come to see that the definition of self in relation to the State plays an integral role on not only the individual’s role in the mechanics of the state but their subsequent obedience to the state system. In his work Professional Ethics and Civic Morals, Emile Durkheim explores the relationship of the individual to himself, his family, his profession, and finally his government. As he notes in his defining of the state, there has been since the beginning of civilization, as we know it a direct opposition between the political parties and their constituents. In this lies a division of power, those who wield the authority and those who submit to it. The state is defined as a spatial territory complete with its own customs and interests to which the political party should serve in view of a public good. In the United States, where the larger territory of the country is quite literally divided into semi-autonomous states which retain some control but answer to the federal government on other issues, there is a division of power that belies a partiality. With politics largely divided into two political categories Democrats and Republicans, there are limits and deviations from what the public good means. The American ideal of each individual voice having the power to influence policy and politics, while at the heart of the ideals of democracy, also tends to lead toward exclusionary and separatists policies that effect only a portion of a total population. In the name of the democratic process, Americans accept the results despite the fact that certain policies while acceptable and profitable for one portion of the population can have a detrimental effect on other factions stifle our voices. Durkheim notes that individuals are at the center of the development of any state society, whether it be artistic, economic or political. Without the individuals there can be not collective, however, the United States concentration on recognizing and using an individualist centered ideal of a collective leaves it vulnerable to the control of the collectiveness of a few over the many. Though it would seem that with the democratic structure of our election system and the multi-tiered mechanics of the law system that the United States would be immune to something such as fascism, in reality our system promotes much of the same individualist pandering seen in totalitarian societies. Americans do not always vote for the politics but rather individuals based on an array of factors including morality, religion, personal life/appearance, success with rhetoric, and the changing ethical landscape exemplified in changing attitudes towards science, religion, and race as well as other socio-political structures. Our election campaign process involves the polarizing of certain individual figureheads and not that of ideas, the ideas and policies become secondary in a society, which concentrates so completely on external signifiers. Aggravating the United States state of the pseudo-democratic process is a state of isolation that has been both promoted by the federal government during the Bush era and broken down into a more universalistic approach by Obama. However, at the heart of the patriotism that defines the country, there is a pride, which excludes others and promotes U.S. interests over that of a collective world society. This policy of patriotic isolationism leaves the U.S. particularly vulnerable to a totalitarian regime in that its interests stretch only to within its own borders. As Etzioni notes, â€Å"isolated people tend to be irrational, impulsive, and open to demagogical appeals and totalitarian movements. One could argue that these movements have risen only in societies and periods in which social integration has been greatly weakened† (590). Drawing on this concept, the lack of social cohesiveness following the September 11 attacks when the government suspended certain civil rights for certain people in the name of fighting terrorism, shows the power of a small portion of government to take effective and complete control over the lives of its people without a democratic or collective process. The rights that were stripped from all were done so in effect to stop an unknown number and an unknown contingent of society. That these restrictions affected the whole was of little consequence to the government and at first for a large part of American citizens who obeyed these without question. This is perhaps one of the most recent and poignant examples of the risks posed to the United States by a totalitarian/fascist government. Elsewhere in American history we can see similar instances where a minority of people (in the larger schema, though a large group themselves) having been oppressed and persecuted by a small group of government or political interests; think the Japanese Americans of World War II – the rhetoric of hate used to imprison them seemingly eerily familiar to the fascism of Hitler and Mussolini though hidden under the pretense of security. The conformity of the American people to government decisions that actually demoralize and depress an entire portion of individual peoples, shown through the nation’s history, have been both negative and positive. Bernard Bass in discussing Miligram’s conformity paradigm defines conformity as â€Å"behavior reflecting the successful influence of other persons† (38), wherein he shows that the definition of any successful government whether it be democratic or authoritarian relies on obedience, the difference between the two lies in the structure of the society and its beliefs on the individual’s political view point. Every state runs a risk of being overpowered and seized by an authoritarian regime; however, their overall success is contingent on the attitudes of the individuals who make up that state. In a communist controlled government such as China, where the ideals of socialist reform are extolled if not always practiced, the ground in dogma of the party would undermine the detrimental influence of a demagogic individual. However, in the United States where the individual is seen to have control over his own individual destiny which can be and is interwoven into the social fabric, the very ideals that give importance to the idea of the individual also make the country vulnerable to the control of such individuals. While the American government structure attempts to hedge itself against this danger by having a governing body broken into two major parts and limits on the executive branch’s control. But given the right set of circumstances such as terrorism and blind fear, the democratic power of the people can easily be superseded by the hands of only a few. Fear and intimidation work on many levels, some more subtle than others, all leading to an obedience and control, which are at the heart of a totalitarian authority. References Bass, B. (1961). â€Å"Conformity, Deviation, and a General Theory of Interpersonal Behavior.† Conformity and Deviation. Ed. I.A. Berg and B. Bass. New York: Harper and Brothers, pp. 38-101. Durkheim, E. (1992). Professional Ethics and Civic Morals. Ed. C. Brookfield. New York: Routledge. Etzioni, A. (Fall 2002) â€Å"Are Particularistic Obligations Justified? A Communitarian Justification.† The Review of Politics. 64 (4). pp. 573-598.

Health Law and Regulations Essay

Health care is high on the list of the most regulated entities. Regulated by the government, the health care sector is also regulated by different private bodies. The Joint Commission on Accreditation of Health Care Organizations (JCAHO) together with the National Committee on Quality Assurance (NCQA) and different medical specialties form part of the private health care regulatory entities that collaborate with the government. Health care regulation is focused on three main roles; cost control, quality control, and access expansion and control. These three functions are subdivided into objectives covering each aspect pertaining to the health care area. While the regulatory program exists to accomplish the three above-mentioned objectives, the implementation of each objective affects one another. Example, quality control causes a reduction of access, and increases the cost because of an increase in demand. Despite the interdependence of these objectives, health care regulation does not indulge competition amongst the regulatory bodies. Important in the regulatory industry are those who engage each other with the same goal towards improving the health care. A majority of the health care regulatory federal agencies in America are comprised within the Federal Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS). The American constitution directs all health care regulators to obey the set legal process as their activities contain the potential to limit or breach the rights of health care. Health care is a high level of bureaucracy and extensive legal procedures. Regulators are provided a notice for their proposed regulation with findings to support it, after which the sector under regulation is allowed to contest or appeal the proposal. The legal process is appealed in every health care procedure, whether if it’s to test a new drug, suspend a practitioner’s license, or a regulation on  environmental standards. The Affordable Care Act (ACA) is a health care regulation signed into law on the 23rd of March, 2010. The law’s main focus had been to increase the affordability and quality of American health insurance. Its policies were focused on lowering the rates imposed on the uninsured through the expansion of both the private and public insurance covers. It had also aimed to reduce the health care costs incurred by the government along with citizens. Barely seven days after its enforcement had a new health care law come into effect with amendments to the ACA. On March 30, 2010, the president of the United States signed into law the Healthcare and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010. The law had been enacted by the 111th US congress (Blackman, 2013). The ACA has advantages as disadvantages, and has been at the forefront of political criticism since its enactment. Its strongest opponents have cited it to be punitive of the high-end earners to cushion the middle and lower classes. It has also been reported to weigh heavily on the nation’s wage bill. In a nutshell, the ACA is designed to cover the majority of American’s health care insurance. However, the regulation’s cost factor has proven unsustainable without economically hurting the high earning entities. The effect of ACA’s implementation has caused an overall negative economic realignment as various entities strive to remain afloat; working hours have been significantly downsized by various corporations in anticipation of unsustainable insurance compliance. The ACA regulation is seen as an economically crippling element in America’s overall economic composite. The enormous tax burden shouldered by high earning entities is evidenced to trickle down to the middle and low income earners which resultantly deduces the benefits intended for these groups in an even more severe way. To begin with, although the ACA provides affordable or free health care insurance to tens of millions of American populations, funding is raised through taxes. With a hike in taxes for health care funding, earning populations are left with less to spend. The American middle and low income groups are even more affected by the adverse effects as inflation sets in to recover the growing deficit induced by the regulation’s implementation. The ACA had been endorsed as an affordability initiative but the repercussive costs have indicated the regulation as a costly affair across the board. Insurance players report certain clauses in the regulation as detrimental to the process. An example is the regulations directive for insurance to extend their coverage even to sick uninsured people at no extra cost. The resultant effect has been the rise in insurance premium costs which further complicates the insurer’s role in the initiative. Nearly all the beneficial aspects within the regulation are countered with contradictory challenges that undermine its purpose. While Medicaid is expanded by the regulation to cover an estimate 15.9 million citizens below 138% of the property level, the cost is met by state and federal funding which further imposes an immense measure of tax escalation. The regulation however features more benefits than limitations with regard to women initiatives. The ACA grants up to 47 million women access to health care services comprising wellness and preventative care. Additionally, the law prohibits women paying more than men for health care services as had been the case prior to enactment (Blackman, 2013). The ACA regulation started 157 new agencies, boards and programs to oversee the efficient implementation of the law alongside regulating health care spending. Although there are negative cost implications associated with the huge oversight entities provisioned in the regulation, proponents argue these costs to be necessary in controlling the unaccounted health care expenditure (Blackman, 2013). Employment in America is currently readjusting to comply with the regulation’s 2015 implementation phase requiring all employers to provide an insurance cover on their employees. The resultant effect to this change has been two faced; small business have been employing part time employees full time to comply with the 2015 mandate while large businesses have been reducing part time working hours to avoid paying the employees insurance when the phase is implemented. The ACA is illustrated as a complex employment factor with many jobs feared to be lost as many new ones are created. Notably, the regulation projects an  outcome where employees will freely leave their respective jobs without fear for losing retirement benefits affiliated to health care. Accordingly, the regulation aims to decrease employees working hours while maintaining and creating new employment opportunities. Despite the employment benefits highlighted within the ACA, many citizens remain skeptical of the upcoming 2015 employer-insurance phase. Dissenting political sentiments are pitching the impending reforms as a negative aspect of the ACA enactment set to diminish numerous job opportunities. Federal and private health care regulation remains as an important component in the broader sense of the health industry covering every single aspect entailed in human health. The quality, cost and access control objectives are characteristic to every health related industry. With regard to personal experience, I have on several occasions observed medical licenses revoked for certain practitioners following a legal process to dispute the quality displayed by the practitioners in context. The two mentioned above 2010 health care regulations contain a complex and mostly long term agenda aimed at bettering the quality of health care services in America. The current challenges are largely short-term and should not be invoked to undermine long-term benefits. A healthy debate is however essential to ensure minimized negations throughout the implementation process. References Top of Form Blackman, J. (2013). Unprecedented: The constitutional challenge to Obamacare. Bottom of Form

Absolutism represents the principle of being absolute or arbitrary government Essay Example

Absolutism represents the principle of being absolute or arbitrary government Essay Example Absolutism represents the principle of being absolute or arbitrary government Paper Absolutism represents the principle of being absolute or arbitrary government Paper Essay Topic: History Absolutism is first introduced by philosopher Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) who believes in the power of the state and that men cannot survive in an orderly structure without it. The goals of an absolute monarch are to keep a tight rein on the authority of the church and nobility, to make the monarch the most powerful being in the state, to increase the province and esteem of the country and last but not least, to leave behind a inheritor that can rule the country having the same goals. The seventeen centurys most remarkable monarchs are Louis Quatorze (the Son King of France) and Peter I (the Great) of Russia; their careers as monarchs are conclusively achieved due to that fact that both almost accomplish the four goals of absolutism. Louis Quatorze is born on September 5, 1638, having as parents Anne of Austria and the King Louis XIII. It is not until the year of 1661 that Louis comes to the throne and governs France. Once becoming a king, Louis turns his attention towards the nobility and the church. He realizes that in order to retain absolute control over the government, he has to manipulate the nobility. In doing so, he takes from the nobility the traditional right of ruling in the government. Furthermore, Louis hires people from the upper middle class, who are paid to serve him and the state he has power over. The supervision of France is carried out by the Court of State, Court of Finances and Court of Dispatches, councils proposed by Louis. As K. K Campbell states in Louis and his Era, published in Military History, December 1997 edition, Louis court was renowned for its splendor and sophistication. The King also gains control over the Catholic Church, who had been dominant over the state previously. It is after this, that the Catholic Church losses any type of pronouncements socially, politically and economically. This way, Louis of France minimizes the power of the Catholic Church and nobility, accomplishing one of the goals of absolute monarchism. Campbell also states: What cannot be disputed is that Louis and the formidable military machine he commanded elevated France to a position of pre-eminence during his lifetime and for a century thereafter. Louis also modernizes the army of France, and puts it under the power of Francois-Michel Le Tellier. The army becomes very professional and France takes over European politics. Furthermore, no decision is made without his authority. Louis wants to centralize the government so that all decisions are made through him. Now having control over the nobility, Catholic Church and the army, Louis becomes the most important individual in France, achieving the second goal of an absolute monarchism. One of the most important things that Louis wants to do is to gain territory, power and prestige for France. The fact that the army is very modernize, makes Louis want to use it to his advantage. During his reign, Louis takes part in four major wars: the War of Devolution, The Dutch War, The War of the League of Augsburg and The Spanish War. The United provinces, Spain, England, Bavaria and Saxony joined against France, being fearful that Louis would take over Europe. Louis XIV looses the War of Spain, but remains known for introducing to Europe the New France. France is known as one of the most prestigious countries of the seventeen century, having Versailles as a symbol of French power. As Campbell also states: He helped advance the arts in every field through his enlightened patronage. Everything French was in vogue on the Continent. . The goal of gaining territory is not entirely realized, and misery is found in France in the seventeen century. As Garfield Newman states in The Wars of Louis XIV published in Legacy, The West and The World, 2002, The Grandeur of the French State was in tatters and the people were threatening to revolt, frustrated by years of war and increased taxes. It is why Louis XIV conclusively achieves gaining territory for France. It is the only goal that Louis does not fully accomplish. Last but not least, Louis XIV wants to leave behind an inheritor that can rule the state with the same goals he had during his reign. Louiss first son dies and Louis XV, his grandson, come o the throne. As K. K Campbell states : Louis XIV faced the greatest decision of his life, but he saw no choice but to put his 16-year-old grandson on the throne, grandly declaring the elimination of boundaries between France and Spain by saying, Henceforth, there are no Pyrennees. Louis XIV successfully leaves behind an inheritor, conclusively accomplishing absolute monarchism. Peter the Great is born on May 30th, 1672 and comes to the throne in the year of 1682. He is the third son of Czar Alexis Mikhailovitch. Peters first goal is to minimize the power of the Church and nobility. Peter forms what is known as the Holy Synod, which controls the decisions of the state. This way he has power over the state and the Church. Peter needs people to work for him that he could trust. As Garfield Newman states: Finding little support among the Russian elite, the czar chose to fill important posts based on merit rather than lineage or rank. This way the power of the nobility is minimized and the nobles have to go to school in order to get a job serving the state. As Anatoli Riassnovsly states in Peter the Great, published in A History of Russia, 1963, In 1722 Peter published a Table of Ranks that equated a persons social position and privileges with his rank in the bureaucracy or the army rather than with his position in the nobility. The goal of gaining control over the church and nobility is accomplished by Peter the Great, showing that is he an absolute monarch. Next, Peter wants to become the most important person in Russia and to make all decisions. Now having power over the church, army and the nobility, he has power over the state. As Garfield Newman states: Peter had over one thousand streltsy tortured and executed, and their bodies put on displayed as a lesson to the public. His wife, Eudoxia, and his half sister, both of whom had sympathized with the rebels defense of tradition and religion, were forced to become nuns. This shows the power that Peter had over anybody in Russia. Being the most important person in the state is a goal that he accomplishes. Peters first wish is to gain prestige, power and territory. He believes that he can do that by westernizing Russia. Peter himself travels to different countries of Europe with the goal of seeking different types of art and behavior. As K. K Campbell states in Another Founding Father, published in Military History, April 1999, And Oddly, as much as he brought Russia into Europe, so did he bring Europe into Russia, importing European ways and technologies, even establishing the capital at a new, western city, St. Petersburg. Peter also constructed schools such as the School of Mathematics and Navigation, and the Academy of Science. Having power over the army, Peter uses it to gain territory. As it is stated in The most Authoritative Guide to St. Petersburg found in The History of Petersburg, 2002 One of the Peters main goals was to regain access to the Baltic Sea and Baltic trade. In 1700 he started the Northern War with Sweden, which lasted for 21 years. In the course of the war St. Petersburg was founded (1703) in the Neva River delta. At the end of the war Russia was victorious and conquered the vast lands on the Baltic coast. Russia gained access to European trade and St. Petersburg became her major sea port. This shows that Peter has a lot of success in gaining prestige and territory for Russia. This goal of his career is accomplished. Peter of Russia has the power of the state, army, church and nobility. Further more he gains prestige and territory. He only goes wrong when it comes leaving an inheritor behind. As Anatoli Riassnovsky also states: Despite his notable success on the Baltic, Peters reign ended with a great question mark. He had long quarreled with his only son, Alexis. Peter was jealous of the young man and feared he might undertake sedition. In 1718 Peter had his son imprisoned and during his imprisonment, Alexis died mysteriously. This way, when Peter dies, no one comes to the throne. Years later, it is the Church and nobility that rule again. Peter fails leaving an inheritor and so the last goal of absolutism is not reached. Louis Quatorze (the Son King of France) and Peter I (the Great) of Russia are both absolute monarchs. However, their careers as monarchs are conclusively achieved due to that fact that both partially accomplish the goals of absolute monarchism. Louis of France does not succeed into gaining a lot of territory and leaves the majority of France in misery, while Peter of Russia fails to leave behind an inheritor and years later the nobility and Church takes control over the state again. Louis XIV and Peter I remain famous in the era of monarchism and in history, for it is due to their contributions that France and Russia have changed and become who they are today.

English literature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

English literature - Essay Example Socrates was told he the wisest by an oracle thus took upon this theory and challenged himself to spread his knowledge to mankind. Jesus on the other hand was selected by the Supreme Being to save the people from committing the ‘original sin’. It’s been told that both Socrates and Jesus were blessed with some sort of divine power. It gets a little controversial by bringing religion under this discussion but the fact is that Jesus was a prophet, to prove that he is genuine, God sent down the Bible and the Quran as proof of Jesus’s existence. Whereas Socrates was only wise and he himself took the liberty in spreading knowledge. Both of these divine forces had a mission in hand and that was to establish some form of societal change. Socrates followed the philosophy of why life was worth living. He had wanted that all people should become capable of understanding the wrongs associated with the current order of life and without prior knowledge; this was the reas on why Socrates could not stop himself to spread the truth. Jesus on the other hand was sent to earth to save us from the original sin. Both of them were unique in their own manner and apparently posed as a threat to the society that encircled them. Jesus and Socrates both were considered to be corrupt in their own patterns. This was the reason why both of them were brought to trial. ... Jesus claimed that there was only one God and proved to the people by performing miracles. Many peopled also claimed Jesus to be the word of God, the ‘King of the Jews’, which made him a threat and was viewed as the attempt for overthrowing monarchy. Socrates was charged with unorthodoxy by not having faith in in the cities of gods and was blamed of being an atheist in spite of having a clear faith in  the divine power. Socrates is seen as the one with more knowledge than anyone else of his time. Like Jesus, he was unique with the power of speech-making and was able question people about their gods whom they believed in.  Socrates claimed that there were gods like Zeus was not the only one being controlling everything that took place in the world, and the concept that followed the ‘will of gods’ was not true either. This was considered as an attack on the Athenian government; unbeliever in the cities of gods, not a citizen of the state. Both of them were given a trial before they were executed. Both of them had disciples of their own. Each had a person of their own who questioned about their beliefs and actions and someone who betrayed them in the end, one way or the other. Jesus was betrayed by Judas Iscariot for 30 pieces of silver and during the last supper all his followers questioned him one way or the other. The night before the death of Socrates, Crito visited him in prison and offered an escape route out of the country and to live as an outcast. A prophet is the person who speaks to and for God. Jesus did Gods work as per Gods will, although Socrates didn’t support any particular religion so we cannot depict him as a prophet. They both died for what they believed in and both of them were threatened by their teachings which varied from

Compare and contrast the two accounts. What is the perspective of each Essay

Compare and contrast the two accounts. What is the perspective of each text How does Diamant change or add to the Genesis narrative Why - Essay Example very important to anyone who reads this novel to read also the Bible, so that he will be guided by the chronological events, the characters and the existing facts that might be destroyed, if a reader will just be depended or hooked to the ideas and emotions the novel injects. The reference here is the scripture, which will be the real basis of the discussion, and relatively how the novel, The Red Tent made slight changes to the biblical story line. By then, a reader will be equipped with the necessary understanding on how a margin line can be created from both, such that will separate what is scriptural and a historical fiction. Speaking of fiction, The Red Tent is a thing that could be appreciated. Any person who loves fiction can easily grasp and understand the point of view of the author. It is expected that from the original text, a novel can add and modify the real content in order to create the twist of what the true story is, and then produce a beautiful piece without necessarily referring from the actual facts. From the title of the novel, it will lead us to the idea that the whole novel would not really be a Biblical fact. The term â€Å"red tent† where allegedly Dinah and her mothers gather together is only a creative thing added by the author of the novel itself. In the novel, the red tent is the place where Hebrew women gathered together during their menstrual periods, and as they gather share thoughts, ideas and their womanly experiences in life. The portrayal in the story attempts to make us visualize a designated place for women exclusively made for them to hide themselves from the com munity during their monthly periods. Biblically, it is not true that there is an intended place particularly for women to gather during their monthly period. Scriptural account from the book of the Bible shows that a woman during her menstrual cycle would stay on her tent until menstruation end, but not particularly red tent. Another point is, the practice of